Bibliography of Khazar Studies, 1901-Present
Compiled by Kevin Alan Brook

Section 4: Linguistics

In English:
        Rockstein, Edward D. "The Mystery of the Székely Runes." The Epigraphic Society Occasional Papers 19 (1990): 176-183.
        Cross-referenced: Gil, Moshe. (review of Golb and Pritsak's "Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century.") Journal of Near Eastern Studies 46:2 (April 1987): 145-146.
        Cross-referenced: Golden, Peter Benjamin. "A New Discovery: Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century." Harvard Ukrainian Studies 8:3-4 (December 1984): 474-486.
        Cross-referenced: Ligeti, Lajos. "The Khazarian Letter from Kiev and its Attestation in Runiform Script." Acta Linguistica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 31 (1981): 5-18.

In French:
        Shcherbak, Aleksandr Mikhailovich. "Les inscriptions sur les pierres de Khoumara (au Caucase du Nord et le problème de l'alphabet runique des Turcs occidentaux)." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 15 (1962): 282-290.

In Hungarian:
        Ligeti, Lajos. "A kazár írás, és a magyar rovásirás." Magyar Nyelv 23 (1927): 473-476.
        Cross-referenced: Ligeti, Lajos. "Egy kievi kazár levél és rovásirásos hitelesitése." Magyar Nyelv 80 (1984): 10-17.

In Russian:
        Artamonov, Mikhail Illarionovich. "Nadpisi na baklazhkax Novocherkasskogo muzeya i na kamnyax Mayatskogo gorodishcha." Sovietskaya arkheologiya 19 (1954): 263-268. About inscriptions on the flasks of the Novocherkassk Museum.
        Koloda, Vladimir Vasil'ovich. "Tyurkskaya runicheskaya nadpis' iz lesostepnoy Khazarii." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya / The Volga River Region Archaeology 3:9 (2014): 180-193. On a Turkic runic inscription from Khazaria's forest-steppe zone.
        Kyzlasov, Igor' Leonidovich. Runicheskie pis'mennosti evraziyskix stepey. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, RAN, 1994.
        Maiko, V. V. "Tyurkskiye runicheskiye nadpisi rannesrednevekovogo naseleniya Tavriki." Khazarskiy al'manakh 16 (2018-2019): ?-?. About Turkic runic inscriptions from early-medieval Crimea.
        Mudrak, O. A. "Osnovnoy korpus vostochnoyevropeyskoy runiki." Khazarskiy al'manakh 15 (2017): 296-416. Interpretations of runic writing systems in Khazaria, other Turkic kaganates, and among speakers of Ossetic and Chechen-Ingush languages.
        Peyros, I. I. "O deshifrovke 'khazarskoy' runiki." Khazarskiy al'manakh 15 (2017): 417-418. A critique of Mudrak's article "Osnovnoy korpus vostochnoyevropeyskoy runiki."
        Shcherbak, Aleksandr Mikhailovich. "Neskol'ko slov o priemax chteniya runicheskix nadpisey, naydennix na Donu." Sovietskaya arkheologiya 19 (1954): 264-282. About methods of reading the runic inscriptions found on the Don.
        Turchaninov, G. F. [Language of Inscriptions on Mayaki citadel stones and flasks in the Novocherkassk Museum]. Sovietskaya arkheologiya (1964) No. 1: around 77-85.
        Cross-referenced: Klyashtornyi, Sergey Grigorievich. "Khazarskaya nadpis' na amfore s gorodishcha Mayaki." Sovietskaya arkheologiya (1979) No. 1: 270-275.

In English:
        Erdal, Marcel. "The Khazar Language." In The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives - Selected Papers from the Jerusalem 1999 International Khazar Colloquium, eds. Peter Benjamin Golden, Haggai Ben-Shammai, and András Róna-Tas, pp. 75-108. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2007.
        Golden, Peter Benjamin. "Khazar Turkic Ghulâms in Caliphal Service: Onomastic Notes." Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 12 (2002-2003): 15-28.
        Golden, Peter Benjamin. "Khazarica: Notes on Some Khazar Terms." Turkic Languages 9 (2006): 205-222.
        Klyashtornyi, Sergey Grigorievich. "About One Khazar Title in Ibn Fadlan." Manuscripta Orientalia 3:3 (Nov. 1997): 22-23. About the Khazar title javshighar.
        Karatay, Osman. "On the Ethnonym Khazar: An Etymology According to the Ethnogenesis." Iran and the Caucasus 28 (August 2024): 301-316.
        Shapira, Dan D. Y. "Two Names of the First Khazar Jewish Beg." Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 10 (1998-1999): 231-241.
        Cross-referenced: Golden, Peter Benjamin. Khazar Studies: An Historico-Philological Inquiry into the Origins of the Khazars. Vol. 1. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1980. Contains a large, useful glossary of words and names.

In German:
        Erdal, Marcel. "Ein umbemerkter chasarischer Eigenname." Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları 1 (1991): 31-36. On the Khazar name Itakh.

In Hungarian:
        Czeglédy, Károly. "Egy kazár méltóságnév." Magyar Nyelv 43 (1947).
        Czeglédy, Károly. "Sarkel." Magyar Nyelv 48 (1952): 79-86. Linguistic analysis of the toponym Sarkel.
        Czeglédy, Károly. "A kazár kil-kel eredete." Magyar Nyelv 49 (1953): 175-178. On the Khazar word kil.
        Harmatta, János. "A kazár kil szó magyarázatához." Magyar Nyelv 49 (1953): 178-183. On the Khazar word kil.
        Németh, Gyula. "A magyar népnév, a magyar törzsnevek, a kazár népnév." Magyar Nyelv 34 (1938). On the ethnonyms of the Khazars and Magyars.
        Róna-Tas, András. "A kazár népnévrõl." Nyelvtudományi Kõzlemények 84 (1981 or 1982): 349-380.
        Róna-Tas, András. "Újabb adatok a kazár népnév történetéhez." Nyelvtudományi Kõzlemények (1985): 126-133.
        Zimonyi, István. "Kazárok." In Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9-14. század), ed. Gyula Kristó, et al., pp. 336, 338. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1994.

In Polish:
        Zajączkowski, Ananiasz. "Problem jezykowy Chazarow." Különlenyomat: Sprawozdania Towarzystwo Naukowe Warszawskie wydzial 1 r. 39, zeszyt 1-2 (Warsaw, 1946): 9.

In Russian:
        Fedotov, Mikhail Romanovich. "Otnosenie chuvashskogo i obschetyurkskogo yazykov k yazykam khazar, dunayskikh i volzhskikh bulgar, a takzhe finno-ugrov." Sovietskaya Tyurkologiya 10:3 (Baku, 1979): 25-37. Comparisons between the Khazar language and Hungarian and Bulgar-Turkic.
        Glashev, Akhmat Alabievich. "Slovo kara / xara i ego enacheniya v khazarskom yazike." Rossiyskaya tyurkologiya No. 1(8) (2013): 82-88.
        Kalinina, Tat'yana Mikhailovna. "Upotreblenie etnikona al-khazar v arabsko-persidskix istochnikax IX-X vv." Khazarskiy al'manax 1 (Kharkiv, 2002): 41-51. On the use of the ethnonym "Al-Khazar" in Khazar-era Arab and Persian sources.
        Moravcsik, Gyula. "Proisxozhdeniye slova TZITZAKION." Seminarium Kondakovianum 4 (1931): 71-76. On the Khazar female name Chichek.

In Turkish:
        Golden, Peter Benjamin. "Hazar Dili." Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yilligi Belleten (Ankara, 1971): 147-157.
        Golden, Peter Benjamin. "Hazar Türkçesi." Türk Ansiklopedisi 19, pp. 133-134. Ankara, 1971.

In English:
        King, Robert D., and Faber, Alice. "Yiddish and the Settlement History of Ashkenazic Jews." Mankind Quarterly 24 (1984): 393-425. States that Yiddish has no Altaic linguistic features and claims that it has no Turkic words.
        King, Robert D. "Migration and Linguistics as Illustrated by Yiddish." In Reconstructing Languages and Cultures, ed. Edgar C. Polemé and Werner Winter, pp. 419-439. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992. Claims that Yiddish is not Rhenish-like but rather Bavarian-like.
        Wexler, Paul. The Ashkenazic Jews: A Slavo-Turkic People in Search of a Jewish Identity. Columbus, OH: Slavica, 1993.
        Zeiden, Herbert Guy. "Davenen: A Turkic Etymology." Yiddish 10:2-3 (1996): 96-99.
        Zeiden, Herbert Guy. "Khazar/Kipchak Turkisms in Yiddish: Words and Surnames." Yiddish 11:1-2 (1998): 81-92.
        Cross-referenced: Wexler, Paul. Two-Tiered Relexification in Yiddish: Jews, Sorbs, Khazars, and the Kiev-Polessian Dialect. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2002. Argues that Khazars adopted a form of East Slavic spoken in southern Belarus and northern Ukraine during the Middle Ages and may have subsequently transmitted East Slavic elements to Yiddish.
        Cross-referenced: Wexler, Paul. "What Yiddish Teaches Us about the Role of the Khazars in the Ashkenazic Ethnogenesis." Khazarskiy al'manax 2 (Kharkiv, 2004): 117-135.

In German:
        Eggers, Eckhard. Sprachwandel und Sprachmischung im Jiddischen. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1998. Claims that Yiddish originated in Bavaria and Bohemia and that Yiddish-speakers were preceded in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Kievan Rus by descendants of Khazarian Jews.

In Russian:
        Kuz'min-Yumanadi, Yakov F. "O gebraizmax v chuvashskom yazike." Sovietskaya Tyurkologiya No. 2 (1987): 68-76.

In Russian:
        Abaev, Vasilii Ivanovich. Osetinskiy yazyk i fol'klor. Moscow: Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1949. The section "Drevneevreyskie elementy v osetinskom" discusses Hebrew words in the Ossetian language that came via Khazar intermediaries.